What is peptide?

01

What’s in

combines four separate peptides:

• : the copper complex of a three-amino-acid peptide first reported in human plasma in 1973.
• : a 15-amino-acid fragment of a protein described in gastric-juice research in the early 1990s.
• : a synthetic peptide named after thymosin beta-4, a 43-amino-acid protein first sequenced in 1981.
• : the three-amino-acid tail (lysine–proline–valine) of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH).

Because it is a blend, it has no single sequence or molecular formula. Each lot’s certificate of analysis reports the blend as a whole.

Sources: [1] Nature New Biology · 1973 · [3] Journal of Physiology (Paris) · 1993 · [5] PNAS · 1981 · [7] Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · 2003

02

Where each component came from

The four components have separate research histories. In 1973, Loren Pickart reported that a tripeptide in human plasma prolonged the survival of cultured liver cells. Later work showed that it binds copper strongly, which is why the copper complex, , is the form usually studied.

came from a research group led by Predrag Sikirić in Zagreb, which described a protein from human gastric juice in 1993 and then studied a stable 15-residue fragment of it.

Thymosin beta-4 was sequenced in 1981 as an abundant cellular protein. is a trade name for synthetic peptides based on it, and suppliers do not always use the name for the same sequence. That is one reason to check the identity result on the COA.

was studied as a minimal C-terminal fragment of α-MSH. A 2008 study examined how intestinal cells take the tripeptide up through the PepT1 transporter.

Sources: [1] Nature New Biology · 1973 · [2] BioMed Research International · 2015 · [3] Journal of Physiology (Paris) · 1993 · [5] PNAS · 1981 · [7] Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · 2003 · [8] Gastroenterology · 2008

03

vs : the one-component difference

and share three components. adds a fourth:

• : , and , in a 70 mg vial.
• : the same three plus , in an 80 mg vial.

No study cited here tested either finished blend. Each source describes one component on its own, so compare a blend with the literature component by component. The full comparison: vs .

04

What the components have been studied for

Each component has its own literature, mostly from cell and animal models:

• : tissue-remodeling and gene-expression research, including skin-cell studies.
• : gastrointestinal, tendon and growth-factor research in animal models.
• Thymosin beta-4: blood-vessel development and cell-migration research.
• : intestinal-inflammation models and skin-cell research.

These are observations in laboratory models. They are not evidence about any use in people. is sold for laboratory research only.

Sources: [2] BioMed Research International · 2015 · [4] Current Pharmaceutical Design · 2018 · [6] Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2007 · [8] Gastroenterology · 2008

05

How it is supplied and stored

ships as a lyophilized (freeze-dried) powder in 80 mg vials. The powder is stable at room temperature in transit. For lab use it is reconstituted with bacteriostatic water such as .

To find the concentration, divide the vial’s content by the volume of water added: 80 mg in 4 mL gives 20 mg per mL. The reconstitution calculator handles other combinations.

For storage before and after reconstitution, see how to store lyophilized peptides.

06

How to check a batch

Every lot has its own certificate of analysis from an independent lab. Read three results separately:

• Identity: confirms the expected peptides were detected.
• Purity: the share of the measured material that is the intended peptides.
• Content: the total amount measured in the vial, compared with the 80 mg label.

Then match the lot number on your vial to the report, and use the report’s verification link to confirm it with the testing lab. Step by step: how to read a peptide COA.